Intelligent voltage regulator

ABSTRACT

A voltage regulator includes a programming interface via which programming instructions may be applied to a processor of the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator operates the processor according to the programming instructions to select one of multiple active internally-generated analog voltage levels to determine an output voltage level of the voltage regulator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/310,530, filed Jun. 20, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,429,964, which is acontinuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/466,004, filed May 7, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,786,357, which is acontinuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/167,006, filed Jun. 23, 2011, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,179,193,which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/973,090, filed Oct. 4, 2007, now issued as U.S.Pat. No. 8,089,306, which is a non-provisional of and claims benefit toU.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/906,605, filed Mar. 12,2007, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

The present patent application is related to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/005,775, entitled “Programmable Power Supervisor” by DavidG. Wright, filed on Dec. 27, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,058,911, which ishereby incorporated by reference.

The present patent application is related to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/005,768, entitled “Intelligent Power Supervisor” by David G.Wright, filed on Dec. 27, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,058,910, which ishereby incorporated by reference.

The present patent application is related to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/973,038, entitled “Programmable Voltage Regulator” by DavidG. Wright, filed on Oct. 4, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,072,247, which ishereby incorporated by reference.

The present patent application is related to U.S. patent applicationentitled “Interface Circuit and Method for Programming or Communicatingwith an Integrated Circuit via a Power Supply Pin” by David G. Wright,filed on Mar. 27, 2007, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/691,676, nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,060,661, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

A conventional linear voltage regulator produces a constant rated outputvoltage once its input voltage supply exceeds a specified thresholdvoltage. However below that threshold voltage, the output of the linearvoltage regulator may fall below the constant rated voltage.Furthermore, a conventional linear voltage regulator is rated based onits established output voltage when manufactured. Given this situation,conventionally suppliers of linear voltage regulators maintain and sella different linear voltage regulator for each rated output voltage.Unfortunately, this leads to inventory issues as many different linearvoltage regulators are maintained, supported, and the like.

Conventionally external circuit components have been utilized to changethe rated output voltage of a conventional linear voltage regulator.However, one of the disadvantageous with external circuit components isthat they increase the quiescent current of the linear voltage regulatorand therefore increase its power consumption.

It is noted that conventional switching voltage regulators (e.g., buck,boost, and buck-boost) also have characteristics that are establishedwhen manufactured, thus resulting in similar disadvantages describedabove with reference to conventional linear voltage regulators.Additionally, when external circuit components are utilized to changeany characteristic of a conventional switching voltage regulator, theexternal circuit components produce similar disadvantages describedabove with reference to conventional linear voltage regulators.

As such, it is desirable to address one or more of the above issues.

SUMMARY

An intelligent voltage regulator circuit in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention can include a variable voltage generatorthat is coupled to receive an input voltage. Additionally, theintelligent voltage regulator circuit can include a processing elementthat is coupled to the variable voltage generator. The processingelement can be coupled to receive programming for controlling acharacteristic of the intelligent voltage regulator circuit. Theprocessing element can be for dynamically changing the characteristicduring operation of the intelligent voltage regulator circuit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an exemplary system in accordance with variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of another exemplary system in accordance withvarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an exemplary programmable voltage regulatorcircuit in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of another exemplary programmable voltage regulatorcircuit in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of yet another exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of still another exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of another exemplary programmable voltage regulatorcircuit in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of yet another exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method in accordance withvarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of another exemplary system in accordance withvarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an exemplary intelligent voltage regulatorcircuit in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of another exemplary method in accordance withvarious embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments inaccordance with the invention, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. While the invention will be described inconjunction with various embodiments, it will be understood that thesevarious embodiments are not intended to limit the invention. On thecontrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modificationsand equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the inventionas construed according to the Claims. Furthermore, in the followingdetailed description of various embodiments in accordance with theinvention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide athorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be evident toone of ordinary skill in the art that the invention may be practicedwithout these specific details. In other instances, well known methods,procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detailas not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the invention.

Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the followingdiscussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present detaileddescription, discussions utilizing terms such as “receiving”, “storing”,“generating”, “determining”, “combining”, “disabling”, “performing”,“translating”, “setting”, “programming”, “utilizing”, “presenting”,“incorporating”, “producing”, “retrieving”, “outputting”, or the like,can refer to the actions and processes of a computer system orelectronic computing device, but is not limited to such. The computersystem or electronic computing device can manipulate and transform datarepresented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computersystem's registers and/or memories into other data similarly representedas physical quantities within the computer system memories and/orregisters or other such information storage, transmission, or displaydevices. Some embodiments of the invention are also well suited to theuse of other computer systems such as, for example, optical and virtualcomputers.

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an exemplary system 100 in accordance withvarious embodiments of the invention. Specifically in one embodiment,the system 100 can include a programmable voltage regulator module 104.For example in an embodiment, the programmable voltage regulator module104 can have a programmable output voltage. It is pointed out thatvoltage regulator 104 can offer user programmable output voltage withoutusing external components. The programmable voltage regulator module 104can be implemented in a wide variety of ways. For example, theprogrammable voltage regulator module 104 can be implemented as, but isnot limited to, a programmable linear voltage regulator, a programmableswitching buck voltage regulator, a programmable switching boost voltageregulator, and a programmable switching buck-boost voltage regulator. Itis noted that when the programmable voltage regulator module 104 isimplemented in an embodiment as a programmable switching voltageregulator (e.g., buck voltage regulator, boost voltage regulator, orbuck boost voltage regulator), both the output and ripple voltages canbe user programmable. Furthermore, in an embodiment, the programmablevoltage regulator module 104 can be user programmable and also providethe functionality of being re-programmable. Note that theprogrammability may be accomplished by, but is not limited to, a user inthe field thereby improving the ease of use of the programmable voltageregulator 104 along with system 100. It is pointed out that by enablingthis type of programmability, a single programmable voltage regulatorcircuit (e.g., 104) can be maintained by a manufacturer and supplied tocover a wide range of output voltage specifications. In one embodiment,system 100 can be fabricated as a single integrated circuit (IC) chip.

Specifically, the system 100 can include a programming interface 122that can be coupled to the programmable voltage regulator 104. As such,the programming of the programmable voltage regulator 104 can beimplemented or accomplished over the programming interface 122 (e.g., aserial interface, a serial communication bus, an Inter-IntegratedCircuit (I.sup.2C) communication bus, a Serial Peripheral Interface(SPI) Bus, Dallas one-wire bus, Microwire® (.mu.Wire), but is notlimited to such). In an embodiment, the programmable voltage regulatormodule 104 can be programmed via the supply voltage 102 utilizingmodulation. For example, the programmable supervisor module 104 can beprogrammed via its supply voltage 102 in any manner similar to thatdescribed by the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/691,676,entitled “Interface Circuit and Method for Programming or Communicatingwith an Integrated Circuit via a Power Supply Pin” by David G. Wright,filed on Mar. 27, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Onceprogrammed, the configuration information for the programmable voltageregulator 104 may be stored by non-volatile memory, e.g., flash memory(not shown in FIG. 1A).

Within FIG. 1A, the system 100 can include the programmable voltageregulator 104, which can include an input voltage (or voltage supply)102 and an output voltage 106. The output voltage (Vout) 106 of theprogrammable voltage regulator 104 can be the voltage source (Vcc) forone or more circuits and/or circuit elements. For example in the system100, the output voltage 106 can be the voltage source for a centralprocessing unit (CPU) 110 and capacitors 108 and 112 of system 100. Notethat in one embodiment, it is desirable to hold the central processingunit 110 in a reset mode until the output voltage 106 is stable.Additionally in an embodiment, it is desirable to produce asubstantially stable output voltage 106. As such, the system 100 caninclude a capacitor 108 that is coupled to the output voltage 106 of theprogrammable voltage regulator 104. Furthermore, the system 100 can alsoinclude a decoupling capacitor 112 that can be located close to thecentral processing unit 110 in order to decouple the output voltage 106.In one embodiment (shown in FIG. 4), the programmable voltage regulator104 can generate a reset signal (e.g., logic “1” or zero), which can beutilized to substantially hold the central processing unit 110 in areset mode.

The system 100 can include, but is not limited to, the programmablevoltage regulator module 104, central processing unit (CPU) 110,programming interface 122, and capacitors 108, 112 and 124.Specifically, the programmable voltage regulator module 104 can includethe voltage input (or supply voltage) 102 and the voltage output 106. Itis pointed out that in various embodiments, the programmable voltageregulator module 104 can be implemented as a positive voltage regulatoror a negative voltage regulator. As a positive programmable voltageregulator 104 in an embodiment, the input voltage 102 and output voltage106 may be positive with respect to ground 120. As a negativeprogrammable voltage regulator 104 in an embodiment, the input voltage102 and output voltage 106 may be negative with respect to ground 120.The voltage output 106 of the voltage regulator can be coupled to afirst terminal of the capacitor 108, a first terminal of the capacitor112, and a first terminal of the CPU 110. Furthermore, the system 100can include a voltage ground (Gnd) 120 having a low voltage value. Thevoltage ground 120 can be coupled to a third terminal of theprogrammable voltage regulator module 104, a second terminal of thecapacitor 108, and a second terminal of the CPU 110. Additionally, theprogramming interface 122 can be coupled to the programmable voltageregulator module 104, which in one embodiment is digitally programmable.The voltage input 102 can be coupled to a first terminal of capacitor124 while voltage ground 120 can be coupled to a second terminal ofcapacitor 124.

Within FIG. 1A, it is pointed out that the programmable voltageregulator module 104 can provide different advantages and benefits. Forexample, the programmable voltage regulator module 104 enables amanufacturer to fabricate and store a single device that can beprogrammed in an independent stage before being incorporated on acircuit board. Furthermore, the programmable voltage regulator module104 enables one to incorporate it with automatic test equipment. Assuch, as part of the automatic test process, the tester equipment couldactually program the programmable voltage regulator module 104.

Note that the programmable voltage regulator module 104 can be combinedwith other circuits and/or circuit elements. For example in oneembodiment, a mixed signal microcontroller (e.g., one of the PSoC familyof devices) may be used as a platform for the programmable voltageregulator module 104 and/or the system 100. It is noted that the PSoCfamily of devices are available from Cypress Semiconductor of San Jose,Calif. In an embodiment in accordance with the invention, non-volatilememory (not shown in FIG. 1A) can be utilized in combination with theprogrammable voltage regulator module 104. As such, the programmablevoltage regulator module 104 can be coupled to the non-volatile memoryin order to utilize it. The non-volatile memory can be implemented in awide variety of ways. For example, the non-volatile memory can be, butis not limited to, electrically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM), flash memory, erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM),and the like.

In one embodiment, the programmable voltage regulator module 104 of FIG.1A can be implemented as a stand alone voltage regulator device. It isnoted that by stand alone, it can mean that in an embodiment of theprogrammable voltage regulator 104 it can be utilized to generate anoutput voltage (e.g., 106).

Within FIG. 1A, it is understood that the system 100 may not include allof the elements illustrated by FIG. 1A. Additionally, the system 100 canbe implemented to include one or more elements not illustrated by FIG.1A.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of an exemplary system 150 in accordance withvarious embodiments of the invention. It is pointed out that theelements of FIG. 1B having the same reference numbers as the elements ofany other figure can operate or function in any manner similar to thatdescribed herein, but are not limited to such.

System 150 includes the elements of system 100 along with the additionof a programmable supervisor module 114, which can function as apower-on reset (POR) circuit that is programmable. Note that theprogrammable supervisor module 114 can be implemented in a wide varietyof ways. For example, the programmable supervisor module 114 can beimplemented in any manner similar to that described by the co-pendingU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/005,775, entitled “ProgrammablePower Supervisor” by David G. Wright, filed on Dec. 27, 2007, which ishereby incorporated by reference. In an embodiment, the programmablevoltage regulator 104 and the programmable supervisor module 114 can becombined in a single integrated circuit (IC) chip.

The system 150 can include, but is not limited to, the programmablevoltage regulator module 104, programmable supervisor module 114,central processing unit (CPU) 110, programming interface 122, andcapacitors 108, 112 and 124. Specifically, the voltage regulator circuit104 can include voltage input 102 and voltage output (Vout) 106. Thevoltage output 106 of the programmable voltage regulator module 104 canbe coupled to a first terminal of the capacitor 108, a first terminal ofthe programmable supervisor 114, a first terminal of the capacitor 112,and a first terminal of the CPU 110. Furthermore, the system 150 caninclude the voltage ground (Gnd) 120 having a low voltage value. Thevoltage ground 120 can be coupled to a third terminal of theprogrammable voltage regulator module 104, a second terminal of thecapacitor 108, a second terminal of the programmable supervisor 114, anda second terminal of the CPU 110. A third terminal of the programmablesupervisor 114 can be coupled to a reset input 118 of the CPU 110. Assuch, the programmable supervisor module 114 can output and the CPU 110can receive a reset signal 116. Additionally, the programming interface122 can be coupled to the programmable voltage regulator module 104 andthe programmable supervisor module 114. The voltage input 102 can becoupled to a first terminal of capacitor 124 while voltage ground 120can be coupled to a second terminal of capacitor 124.

Within FIG. 1B, it is understood that the system 150 may not include allof the elements illustrated by FIG. 1B. Additionally, the system 150 canbe implemented to include one or more elements not illustrated by FIG.1B.

With reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, in one embodiment, it is noted thatthe programmable voltage regulator 104 can enable a semiconductorsupplier to sell a single part that can be programmed with multipledifferent operating settings. Furthermore, the programmable voltageregulator 104 can enable a customer to buy a single device that can beprogrammed to cover a range of different operating settings. Moreover,the programmable voltage regulator 104 can enable an end productmanufacturer to have one part on inventory that can be programmed tocover a range of different operating settings (e.g., output voltage,ripple voltage, reset, delay, etc.) which can reduce the amount ofinventory and can reduce the risk of not being able to get supply.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit 202 in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. Note that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 202 canbe implemented as part of an integrated circuit 200. It is pointed outthat the elements of FIG. 2 having the same reference numbers as theelements of any other figure can operate or function in any mannersimilar to that described herein, but are not limited to such. In anembodiment, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 202 can be animplementation of the programmable voltage regulator module 104 of FIG.1A or FIG. 1B. The programmable voltage regulator circuit 202 of FIG. 2can include, but is not limited to, a resistor ladder 204, a multiplexer206, non-volatile memory 208, an operational amplifier (op-amp) 210, anda transistor 214. Additionally, the resistor ladder 204 can includemultiple resistors (e.g., 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234 and 236) that caneach have different impedance (or resistance) values, approximately thesame impedance (or resistance) values, or any combination thereof.Furthermore, the resistor ladder 204 can include more or less resistorsthan shown in FIG. 2. Note that a programming interface 122 can becoupled to the non-volatile memory 208.

The voltage supply (Vin) 102 can be coupled to a voltage supply pin 240of the integrated circuit 200. As such, the voltage supply 102 powersthe programmable voltage regulator circuit 202 and is received by thetransistor 214. The resistor ladder 204 can be coupled to the emitter oftransistor 214 and an output pin 246 of the integrated circuit 200. Theresistor ladder 304 can include multiple taps which can be coupled tomultiple inputs of a multiplexer (MUX) 206. The output of themultiplexer 206 can be coupled to one of the inputs (e.g., negativeinput) of the operational amplifier 210. Additionally, the other input(e.g., positive input) of the operational amplifier 210 can be coupledto receive a reference voltage (Vref) 212. It is pointed out that in anembodiment, the combination of the resistor ladder 204, multiplexer 206,operational amplifier 210, and transistor 214 can be referred to as avariable voltage generator, but is not limited to such. Therefore, theresistor ladder 204, multiplexer 206, operational amplifier 210, andtransistor 214 are one embodiment of a variable voltage generator. Inone embodiment, note that the operational amplifier 210 and transistor214 along with their couplings can be referred to as a follower circuit.In an embodiment, the follower circuit can basically be regulating theoutput voltage (Vout) 106 of the programmable voltage regulator circuit202. It is pointed out that the programming interface 122 can be coupledto a programming interface pin 242 of the integrated circuit 200, whichcan be coupled to the non-volatile memory 208. As such, the outputvoltage 106 of the programmable voltage regulator circuit 202 can beprogrammed and stored by the non-volatile memory 208. Therefore, thenon-volatile memory 208 can utilize the coupling between it and themultiplexer 206 in order to set or establish the output voltage 106 withthe resistor ladder 204.

For example, if the reference voltage 212 was a bandgap voltage (e.g.,5.0 V), and there was a desire to set the output voltage at 3.0 V, thena tap in the resistor ladder 204 can be selected where the ratio dividerfor 5.0 V input corresponds to a 3.0 V on the potential divider. Thisvoltage can be output by the multiplexer 206 and received by theoperational amplifier 210, which can be operating in a linear region.The operational amplifier 210 can then process the voltage it receivesfrom the multiplexer 206 and output that voltage to the base of thetransistor 214. The voltage received by the base can be output from theemitter of the transistor 214 and be received by an output pin 246 ofthe integrated circuit 200 for outputting the output voltage 106.Furthermore, the voltage output from the emitter of the transistor 214can be received by the resistor ladder 204. Note that the output voltage106 of the programmable voltage regulator circuit 202 follows thereference voltage 212 (or a portion thereof) regardless of the inputvoltage 102. In an embodiment, it is pointed out that a gain or aprogrammable gain could be applied to the reference voltage 212.

Within FIG. 2, note that transistor 214 can be implemented in a widevariety of ways. For example, transistor 214 can be implemented as, butis not limited to, a NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or a PNPbipolar junction transistor (BJT). Additionally, transistor 214 can beimplemented as, but is not limited to, a P-channel MOSFET (metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor) which is also known as a PMOS orPFET. Furthermore, transistor 214 can be implemented as, but is notlimited to, an N-channel MOSFET which is also known as a NMOS or NFET.It is noted that transistor 214 can be referred to as a switchingelement. Note that when implemented as a BJT, an emitter, a base, and acollector of transistor 214 can each be referred to as a terminal of thetransistor. Furthermore, the base of transistor 214 can also be referredto as a control terminal of the transistor. Also, when implemented as aFET, a gate, a drain, and a source of transistor 214 can each bereferred to as a terminal of the transistor. Additionally, the gate oftransistor 214 can also be referred to as a control terminal of thetransistor.

Within FIG. 2, it is understood that the programmable voltage regulatorcircuit 202 may not include all of the elements illustrated by FIG. 2.Additionally, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 202 can beimplemented to include one or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit 302 in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. Note that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 302 canbe implemented as part of an integrated circuit 300. It is pointed outthat the elements of FIG. 3 having the same reference numbers as theelements of any other figure can operate or function in any mannersimilar to that described herein, but are not limited to such. In anembodiment, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 302 can be animplementation of the programmable voltage regulator module 104 of FIG.1A or FIG. 1B. The programmable voltage regulator circuit 302 of FIG. 3can include, but is not limited to, resistor ladder 204, multiplexer206, transistor 214, processing element 304, non-volatile memory 208,and operational amplifier 210.

Note that in one embodiment the programming interface 122 can be coupledto the non-volatile memory 208 via the programming interface pin 242.The processing element 304 can be coupled to the non-volatile memory 208to receive any programming instructions, values and/or data stored bythe non-volatile memory 208. In an embodiment, the programming interface122 and programming interface pin 242 can be coupled to the processingelement 304 as indicated by dashed line 306. It is noted that if theprocessing element 304 is coupled to the programming interface 122, thenthe processing element 304 can (in one embodiment) receive and managethe storing of any programming instructions, values and/or data withinthe non-volatile memory 208. In an embodiment, upon receivingprogramming instructions, values and/or data from the non-volatilememory 208, the processing element 304 can utilize the coupling betweenit and the multiplexer 206 in order to dynamically set or establish theoutput voltage (Vout) 106 with the resistor ladder 204. In oneembodiment, upon receiving programming instructions, values and/or datafrom the programming interface 122, the processing element 304 canutilize the coupling between it and the multiplexer 206 in order todynamically set or establish the output voltage 106 with the resistorladder 204. The processing element 304 can be implemented in a widevariety of ways. For example, the processing element 304 can include,but is not limited to, a central processing unit, a microprocessor, anytype of processing element that can execute instructions, and the like.

It is pointed out that the processing element 304 can have access to thenon-volatile memory 208. In an embodiment in accordance with theinvention, a portion of the non-volatile memory 208 of the programmablevoltage regulator circuit 302 can be reserved for one or moreconfiguration states and another portion of the non-volatile memory 208can be utilized for general purpose user non-volatile memory storage.

Within FIG. 3, in one embodiment in accordance with the invention, theprogramming interface 122 is used to program the programmable voltageregulator 302, but is not used during run time or operation of theprogrammable voltage regulator 302. In an embodiment, if thenon-volatile memory 208 is accessible for a user's general purpose, thenthe programming interface 122 can be used during the run time oroperation of the programmable voltage regulator 302.

It is understood that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 300 maynot include all of the elements illustrated by FIG. 3. Additionally, theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 300 can be implemented to includeone or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit 402 in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. Specifically, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402(in an embodiment) can include circuitry for providing a reset functionto one or more devices external to the programmable voltage regulatorcircuit 402. Note that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402can be implemented as part of an integrated circuit 400. It is pointedout that the elements of FIG. 4 having the same reference numbers as theelements of any other figure can operate or function in any mannersimilar to that described herein, but are not limited to such. In anembodiment, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402 can be animplementation of the programmable voltage regulator module 104 of FIG.1A or FIG. 1B. The programmable voltage regulator circuit 402 of FIG. 4can include, but is not limited to, resistor ladder 204, multiplexer206, processing element 304, non-volatile memory 208, operationalamplifier 210, transistor 214, resistor ladder 404, multiplexer 406, andcomparator 410. Note that in one embodiment the programming interface122 can be coupled to the non-volatile memory 208 via the programminginterface pin 242. The processing element 304 can be coupled to thenon-volatile memory 208 to receive any programming instructions, valuesand/or data stored by the non-volatile memory 208. In an embodiment, theprogramming interface 122 and programming interface pin 242 can becoupled to the processing element 304 as indicated by dashed line 306.It is noted that if the processing element 304 is coupled to theprogramming interface 122, then the processing element 304 can (in oneembodiment) receive and manage the storing of any programminginstructions, values and/or data within the non-volatile memory 208.

Within the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402, the resistorladder 404, the multiplexer 406, the comparator 410 can be utilized forthe reset functionality while the resistor ladder 204, the multiplexer206, the operational amplifier 210 can be utilized to produce the outputvoltage (Vout) 106. As such, the reset functionality can have onereference voltage (e.g., Vref 412) while the output voltage can have itsreference voltage (e.g., Vref 212). Note that reference voltages 212 and412 can be different voltage values or approximately the same voltagevalues. Note that although reference voltages 212 and 412 can bedifferent voltages, in one embodiment they can both be the same bandgapreference voltage (e.g., 1.2 V). In one embodiment, a reset signal 440can be asserted based on the reference voltage 412, which can beunrelated to the output voltage 106 that is based on the referencevoltage 212.

Within FIG. 4, note that the resistor ladder 404 is coupled to theemitter of transistor 214. The resistor ladder 404 can include multipletaps which can be coupled to multiple inputs of a multiplexer (MUX) 406.The output of the multiplexer 406 can be coupled to one of the inputs(e.g., positive input) of the comparator 410. Additionally, a referencevoltage (Vref) 412 can be coupled to the other input (e.g., negativeinput) of the comparator 410. The processing element 304 can utilize thecoupling between it and the multiplexer 406 in order to set or establishthe threshold reset reference voltage with the resistor ladder 404. Itis noted that the resistor ladder 404 includes multiple resistors (e.g.,424, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434 and 436) that can each have differentimpedance (or resistance) values, approximately the same impedance (orresistance) values, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, theresistor ladder 404 can include more or less resistors than shown inFIG. 4. The comparator 410 can compare the output voltage received fromthe multiplexer 406 against the reference voltage 412. If the outputvoltage received from the multiplexer 406 falls below the referencevoltage 412, the comparator 410 outputs a signal to the processingelement 304. Upon receipt of the signal from comparator 410, theprocessing element 304 can output a reset signal 440 to the reset pin442, which provides a path for outputting the reset signal 440 fromintegrated circuit 400. In one embodiment, the resistor ladder 404 andmultiplexer 406 can operate in any manner similar to the resistor ladder204 and multiplexer 206 as described herein, but are not limited tosuch.

For example in one embodiment, in order to have the programmable voltageregulator circuit 402 operate as a 3.0 volt output device, theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 402 can be programmed to have aLow Voltage Detection (LVD) voltage (e.g., 2.9 volts). That is, theregulator subsystem (e.g., that can include elements 204, 206, 210, 214,etc.) of the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402 can generate 3.0volts, but the supervisor subsystem (e.g., that can include elements404, 406, 410, etc) of circuit 402 can be configured to output a reset440 whenever output voltage 106 is less than 2.9 volts for any reason.As such, whenever the output voltage 106 is below 2.9 volts, thesupervisor subsystem together with the processing element 304 of theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 402 can assert the reset signal440 which can be received by the central processing unit 110 (e.g., FIG.1A). Additionally in an embodiment, the programmable voltage regulatorcircuit 402 can be programmed to have a specific power-on reset delayperiod, e.g., 5 microseconds (.mu.s). Therefore, after the referencevoltage level of 2.9 volts is detected by the programmable voltageregulator circuit 402, the reset signal 440 can be generated by theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 402 after the elapse of theprogrammed delay period (e.g., 5 .mu.s). Moreover in an embodiment, theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 402 can be programmed to have aglitch rejection period (e.g., 10 .mu.s). As such, if the output voltage106 drops below the reference voltage level of 2.9 volts (for example)for at least the length of the programmed glitch rejection period (e.g.,10 .mu.s), the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402 can assert thereset signal 440. However, if the output voltage 106 rises above the 2.9volt reference voltage threshold before the elapse of the programmedglitch rejection period (e.g., 10 .mu.s), the programmable voltageregulator circuit 402 will not assert the reset signal 440. It ispointed out that the reference voltage, power-on delay period, andglitch rejection period of the programmable voltage regulator circuit402 can be programmed in-field and in system, but is not limited tosuch. Furthermore, in an embodiment, note that there is no communicationfrom the CPU 116 to the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402. Inthis embodiment, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402 is a oneway device from the viewpoint of the CPU 116 (or any other devicereceiving the reset signal 440).

It is understood that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 402 maynot include all of the elements illustrated by FIG. 4. Additionally, theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 402 can be implemented to includeone or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit 502 in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. Specifically, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 502(in an embodiment) can include circuitry for providing a “batteryprotection” functionality for the programmable voltage regulator circuit502. Note that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 502 can beimplemented as part of an integrated circuit 500. It is pointed out thatthe elements of FIG. 5 having the same reference numbers as the elementsof any other figure can operate or function in any manner similar tothat described herein, but are not limited to such. In an embodiment,the programmable voltage regulator circuit 502 can be an implementationof the programmable voltage regulator module 104 of FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B.The programmable voltage regulator circuit 502 of FIG. 5 can include,but is not limited to, resistor ladder 204, multiplexer 206, processingelement 304, non-volatile memory 208, processing element 304,operational amplifier 210, transistor 214, resistor ladder 504,multiplexer 506, and comparator 510. Note that in one embodiment theprogramming interface 122 can be coupled to the non-volatile memory 208via the programming interface pin 242. The processing element 304 can becoupled to the non-volatile memory 208 to receive any programminginstructions, values and/or data stored by the non-volatile memory 208.In an embodiment, the programming interface 122 and programminginterface pin 242 can be coupled to the processing element 304 asindicated by dashed line 306. It is noted that if the processing element304 is coupled to the programming interface 122, then the processingelement 304 can (in one embodiment) receive and manage the storing ofany programming instructions, values and/or data within the non-volatilememory 208.

Within the programmable voltage regulator circuit 502, the resistorladder 504, the multiplexer 506, and the comparator 510 can be utilizedfor providing “battery protection” functionality while the resistorladder 204, the multiplexer 206, and the operational amplifier 210 canbe utilized to produce the output voltage (Vout) 106. As such, thebattery protection functionality can have one reference voltage (e.g.,Vref 512) while the output voltage can have its reference voltage (e.g.,Vref 212). Note that reference voltages 212 and 512 can be differentvoltage values or approximately the same voltage values. In oneembodiment, reference voltages 212 and 512 can be the same bandgapreference voltage (e.g., 1.2 V). In one embodiment, the transistor 214can be turned off based on the reference voltage 512, which can beunrelated to the reference voltage 212 utilized to produce the outputvoltage 106.

Within FIG. 5, note that the resistor ladder 504 can be coupled to thesupply voltage 102. The resistor ladder 504 can include multiple tapswhich can be coupled to multiple inputs of a multiplexer (MUX) 506. Theoutput of the multiplexer 506 can be coupled to one of the inputs (e.g.,positive input) of the comparator 510. Additionally, the referencevoltage 512 can be coupled to the other input (e.g., negative input) ofthe comparator 510. The processing element 304 can utilize the couplingbetween it and the multiplexer 506 in order to set or establish aminimum threshold battery protection reference voltage with the resistorladder 504. It is noted that the resistor ladder 504 can includemultiple resistors (e.g., 524, 526, 528, 530, 532, 534 and 536) that caneach have different impedance (or resistance) values, approximately thesame impedance (or resistance) values, or any combination thereof.Furthermore, the resistor ladder 504 can include more or less resistorsthan shown in FIG. 5. It is noted that the comparator 510 can output asignal (that is received by the processing element 304) if the inputvoltage 102 goes below the minimum threshold voltage of referencevoltage 512. Upon receiving the signal output by the comparator 510, theprocessing element 304 turns off the transistor 214 which disables theoutput voltage 106 of the programmable voltage regulator circuit 502.That is, in an embodiment, the transistor 214 is turned off by theprocessing element 304 any time the input voltage 102 is less than thereference voltage 512. In one embodiment, the resistor ladder 504 andmultiplexer 506 can operate in any manner similar to the resistor ladder204 and multiplexer 206 as described herein, but are not limited tosuch.

It is understood that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 502 maynot include all of the elements illustrated by FIG. 5. Additionally, theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 502 can be implemented to includeone or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 5.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit 602 in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. Specifically, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 602(in an embodiment) can include circuitry for turning off the outputvoltage (Vout) 106 until the input voltage 102 has reached anappropriate level. Note that the programmable voltage regulator circuit602 can be implemented as part of an integrated circuit 600. It ispointed out that the elements of FIG. 6 having the same referencenumbers as the elements of any other figure can operate or function inany manner similar to that described herein, but are not limited tosuch. In an embodiment, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 602can be an implementation of the programmable voltage regulator module104 of FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B. The programmable voltage regulator circuit602 of FIG. 6 can include, but is not limited to, resistor ladder 204,multiplexer 206, non-volatile memory 208, a comparator 608, a controller606 and a transistor 604. Additionally, the resistor ladder 204 caninclude multiple resistors (e.g., 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234 and 236)that can each have different impedance (or resistance) values,approximately the same impedance (or resistance) values, or anycombination thereof. Furthermore, the resistor ladder 204 can includemore or less resistors than shown in FIG. 6. Note that a communicationinterface 122 can be coupled to the non-volatile memory 208.

The voltage supply (Vin) 102 can be coupled to a voltage supply pin 240of the integrated circuit 600. As such, the voltage supply 102 powersthe programmable voltage regulator circuit 602 and can be received bythe resistor ladder 204 and the transistor 604. The resistor ladder 204can include multiple taps which are coupled to multiple inputs of amultiplexer (MUX) 206. The output of the multiplexer 206 can be coupledto one of the inputs (e.g., positive input) of the comparator 608.Additionally, the other input (e.g., negative input) of the comparator608 can be coupled to a reference voltage (Vref) 612. It is pointed outthat the programming interface 122 is coupled to a programming interfacepin 242 of the integrated circuit 600, which can be coupled to thenon-volatile memory 208. As such, the predetermined operating voltage(e.g., above the desired output voltage 106) of the programmable voltageregulator circuit 602 can be programmed and stored by the non-volatilememory 208. Therefore, the non-volatile memory 208 can utilize thecoupling between it and the multiplexer 206 in order to set or establishthe predetermined operating voltage with the resistor ladder 204 forproducing the output voltage 106 (defined by reference voltage 612).

For example, in an embodiment, when the predetermined operating voltageoutput by the multiplexer 206 and received by the comparator 608 exceedsthe reference voltage 612, the comparator 608 outputs a signal to thecontroller 606. Upon receiving the signal output by the comparator 608,the controller 606 turns on transistor 604, thereby enabling the outputof the desired output voltage 106. It is noted that the controller 606is coupled to the drain of the transistor 604. As such, the controller606 is able to maintain a linear feedback system in order to try andmaintain the output voltage 106. In an embodiment, the programmablevoltage regulator circuit 602 is utilized as a linear regulator.

Within FIG. 6, note that transistor 604 can be implemented in a widevariety of ways. For example, transistor 604 can be implemented as, butis not limited to, a P-channel MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductorfield-effect transistor) which is also known as a PMOS or PFET.Furthermore, transistor 604 can be implemented as, but is not limitedto, an N-channel MOSFET which is also known as a NMOS or NFET.Additionally, transistor 604 can be implemented as, but is not limitedto, a NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or a PNP bipolar junctiontransistor (BJT). It is noted that transistor 604 can be referred to asa switching element. Note that when implemented as a BJT, an emitter, abase, and a collector of transistor 604 can each be referred to as aterminal of the transistor. Furthermore, the base of transistor 604 canalso be referred to as a control terminal of the transistor. Also, whenimplemented as a FET, a gate, a drain, and a source of transistor 604can each be referred to as a terminal of the transistor. Additionally,the gate of transistor 604 can also be referred to as a control terminalof the transistor.

Within FIG. 6, it is understood that the programmable voltage regulatorcircuit 602 may not include all of the elements illustrated by FIG. 6.Additionally, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 602 can beimplemented to include one or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 6.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary programmable voltageregulator circuit 702 in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. Specifically, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 702(in an embodiment) can include circuitry for turning off the outputvoltage (Vout) 106 until the input voltage 102 has reached anappropriate level. Note that the programmable voltage regulator circuit702 can be implemented as part of an integrated circuit 700. It ispointed out that the elements of FIG. 7 having the same referencenumbers as the elements of any other figure can operate or function inany manner similar to that described herein, but are not limited tosuch. In an embodiment, the programmable voltage regulator circuit 702can be an implementation of the programmable voltage regulator module104 of FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B. The programmable voltage regulator circuit702 of FIG. 7 can include, but is not limited to, resistor ladder 204,multiplexer 206, comparator 608, transistor 604, controller 606,processing element 304, and non-volatile memory 208. Note that in oneembodiment the programming interface 122 can be coupled to thenon-volatile memory 208 via the programming interface pin 242. Theprocessing element 304 can be coupled to the non-volatile memory 208 toreceive any programming instructions, values and/or data stored by thenon-volatile memory 208. In an embodiment, the programming interface 122and programming interface pin 242 can be coupled to the processingelement 304 as indicated by dashed line 306.

It is pointed out that the processing element 304 can have access to thenon-volatile memory 208. In an embodiment in accordance with theinvention, a portion of the non-volatile memory 208 of the programmablevoltage regulator circuit 302 can be reserved for one or moreconfiguration states and another portion of the non-volatile memory 208can utilized for general purpose user non-volatile memory storage.

Within FIG. 7, in one embodiment in accordance with the invention, theprogramming interface 122 is used to program the programmable voltageregulator 702, but is not used during run time or operation of theprogrammable voltage regulator 702. In an embodiment, if thenon-volatile memory 208 is accessible for a user's general purpose, thenthe programming interface 122 can be used during the run time oroperation of the programmable voltage regulator 702.

It is pointed out that in one embodiment, the programmable voltageregulator 702 operates in a manner similar to that described herein withreference to programmable voltage regulator 602. However, the processingelement 304 of the programmable voltage regulator 702 can utilize thecoupling between it and the multiplexer 206 in order to set or establishthe predetermined operating voltage with the resistor ladder 204 forproducing the output voltage 106 (defined by reference voltage 612).

It is understood that the programmable voltage regulator circuit 700 maynot include all of the elements illustrated by FIG. 7. Additionally, theprogrammable voltage regulator circuit 700 can be implemented to includeone or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 7.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method 800 in accordance with variousembodiments of the invention for regulating an output voltage. Method800 includes exemplary processes of various embodiments of the inventionwhich can be carried out by a processor(s) and electrical componentsunder the control of computing device readable and executableinstructions (or code), e.g., software. The computing device readableand executable instructions (or code) may reside, for example, in datastorage features such as volatile memory, non-volatile memory and/ormass data storage that are usable by a computing device. However, thecomputing device readable and executable instructions (or code) mayreside in any type of computing device readable medium. Althoughspecific operations are disclosed in method 800, such operations areexemplary. Method 800 may not include all of the operations illustratedby FIG. 8. Also, method 800 may include various other operations and/orvariations of the operations shown by FIG. 8. Likewise, the sequence ofthe operations of method 800 can be modified. It is noted that theoperations of method 800 can be performed by software, by firmware, byelectronic hardware, by electrical hardware, or by any combinationthereof.

Specifically, method 800 can include receiving an input voltage.Additionally, a reference voltage can be received. Furthermore, data canbe stored utilizing non-volatile memory. Moreover, a regulated outputvoltage can be generated whereby its value is related to the referencevoltage by the data stored by the non-volatile memory. In this manner,an output voltage can be regulated.

At operation 802 of FIG. 8, an input voltage (e.g., Vin 102) can bereceived. Note that operation 802 can be implemented in a wide varietyof ways. For example in one embodiment, at operation 802 the inputvoltage can be received via one or more pins (e.g., 240) of anintegrated circuit (e.g., 200) by a programmable voltage regulatormodule (e.g., 202 or 602). Operation 802 can be implemented in anymanner similar to that described herein, but is not limited to such.

At operation 804, a reference voltage (e.g., Vref 212 or 612) can bereceived. Operation 804 can be implemented in a wide variety of ways.For example in one embodiment, at operation 804 the reference voltagecan be received by the programmable voltage regulator module. Operation804 can be implemented in any manner similar to that described herein,but is not limited to such.

At operation 806 of FIG. 8, programming instructions, values and/or datacan be received and stored utilizing non-volatile memory (e.g., 208). Itis pointed out that operation 806 can be implemented in a wide varietyof ways. For example in one embodiment, at operation 806 programminginstructions, values and/or data can be received and stored by thenon-volatile memory via a programming interface (e.g., 122) or acommunication bus (e.g., 920), wherein the non-volatile memory can be acomponent of the programmable voltage regulator module. Operation 806can be implemented in any manner similar to that described herein, butis not limited to such.

At operation 808, utilizing the input voltage and the reference voltage,a regulated output voltage (e.g., 106) can be generated whereby itsvalue is set by the programming instructions, values and/or data storedby the non-volatile memory. It is noted that operation 808 can beimplemented in a wide variety of ways. For example in an embodiment, atoperation 808 the programmable voltage regulator module can generate theregulated output voltage, whereby the value of the regulated outputvoltage is related to the reference voltage by the programminginstructions, values and/or data stored by the non-volatile memory.Operation 808 can be implemented in any manner similar to that describedherein, but is not limited to such. At the completion of operation 808,process 800 can be exited.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an exemplary system 900 in accordance withvarious embodiments of the invention. Specifically in one embodiment,the system 900 can include an intelligent voltage regulator module 904,which can function as a voltage regulator circuit that is intelligentand dynamic. It is pointed out that the elements of system 900 havingthe same reference numbers as the elements of any other figure canoperate or function in any manner similar to that described herein, butare not limited to such. It is noted that the intelligent voltageregulator module 904 can offer programmable reference voltage and alsoprogrammable delay, as discussed herein, with the addition of furtherprogrammability and intelligent functions. In one embodiment, theintelligent voltage regulator module 904 may be implemented using amixed signal microcontroller (such as one of the Cypress PSoC family ofdevices) and therefore may have an integrated processing element (e.g.,CPU). Additionally, in an embodiment, the intelligent voltage regulatormodule 904 may be programmed such that it does not output any voltageuntil a minimum threshold voltage is detected on its input voltage 102.Additionally, in an embodiment, the intelligent voltage regulator module904 can detect its output load condition and output if the load is belowits operational range (e.g., offer integrated over-load protection). Forbattery protection, in an embodiment, the intelligent voltage regulatormodule 904 can shut down if the input voltage 102 drops below aprogrammable threshold. In “trickle mode” wake up may be from anexternal interrupt.

In one embodiment, the intelligent voltage regulator module 904 can alsooffer a dynamic output voltage (Vout) 106 based on the operational stateof the system 900. Furthermore, in an embodiment, the intelligentvoltage regulator module 904 can have multiple programmable outputvoltages 106 based on the operation state of the system 900 (e.g.,normal, sleep1, sleep2, etc.). It is noted that by lowering the outputvoltage 106 in response to a sleep condition in one embodiment, theintelligent voltage regulator module 904 can also lower its own biascurrent during this mode thereby reducing the power consumption of theintelligent voltage regulator module 904 to an ultra-low power quiescentstate. Similarly, by reducing the maximum output current of 106 to a lowlevel which is simply enough to supply the rest of the system while insleep mode (but not in active mode), the intelligent voltage regulatormodule 904 can also lower its own bias current during this mode therebyreducing the power consumption of the intelligent voltage regulatormodule 904 to an ultra-low power quiescent state. Note that thecommunication bus 920 (e.g., serial interface) can be used to notify theintelligent voltage regulator module 904 of the currentsleep/operational state of the system 900. It is pointed out that exitfrom sleep mode can be triggered in one embodiment when the intelligentvoltage regulator module 904 detects that the output voltage 106 dropsin response to the system 900 waking up.

Within FIG. 9, in an embodiment the intelligent voltage regulator module904 can also offer a programmable wake up signal that is generated inresponse to a system event (e.g., a button 906 being pressed, etc.). Inone embodiment, clock functionality can also be added to the intelligentvoltage regulator module 904 to provide periodic wake up. Furthermore,in an embodiment, the intelligent voltage regulator module 904 can alsooffer automatic power cycling upon a system crash. For instance, asoftware error condition, an electrostatic discharge event or othersystem crash may lock the system 900. Internal watch-dog timers to theintelligent voltage regulator module 904 may provide a power cycle(e.g., hard reset on the supply voltage) in response to the timerexpiring. Also, the power cycle may be in response to a command receivedfrom the system 900 (e.g., central processing unit 110 via bus 920).

It is pointed out that in one embodiment the intelligent voltageregulator module 904 is intelligent in the sense that it can bereconfigured on-the-fly during its operation. The system 900 caninclude, but is not limited to, the intelligent voltage regulator module104, central processing unit (CPU) 110, programming interface 122, andcapacitors 108, 112 and 124. Specifically, the intelligent voltageregulator module 104 can include a voltage input 102 and a voltageoutput 106. The voltage input 102 can be coupled to a first terminal ofcapacitor 124 while voltage ground 120 can be coupled to a secondterminal of capacitor 124. The voltage output 106 of the intelligentvoltage regulator module 104 can be coupled to a first terminal of thecapacitor 108, a first terminal of the capacitor 112, and a firstterminal of the CPU 110. Furthermore, the system 900 can include avoltage ground (Gnd) 120. The voltage ground 120 can be coupled to athird terminal of the intelligent voltage regulator module 104, a secondterminal of the capacitor 108, and a second terminal of the CPU 110. Afourth terminal of the intelligent voltage regulator module 104 can becoupled to a reset input 118 of the CPU 110. As such, the intelligentvoltage regulator module 104 can output and the CPU 110 can receive thereset signal 924. Moreover, a fifth terminal of the intelligent voltageregulator module 904 can be coupled to an interrupt request (IRQ)controller 922 of the CPU 110. As such, the intelligent voltageregulator module 904 can transmit an interrupt request (IRQ) signal 926to the CPU 110. Also, a sixth terminal of the intelligent voltageregulator module 904 can be coupled to a communication bus or interface920, which is coupled to a communication (COM) interface 928 of the CPU110. As such, the intelligent voltage regulator module 904 can be incommunication with the CPU 110. Additionally, the programming interface122 can be coupled to the intelligent voltage regulator module 904. Itis noted that the communication bus 920 can be implemented in a widevariety of ways. For example, the communication bus 920 can beimplemented in any manner similar to the programming interface 122 asdescribed herein, but is not limited to such. Note that in anembodiment, the communication bus 920 and the programming interface 122can be combined into a single interface (e.g., communication bus 920)that can encompass the functionality of both.

It is noted that the system 900 can operate in any manner similar tosystems 100, 150 and/or 200, but is not limited to such. However, theintelligent voltage regulator module 904 of the system 900 can include aprocessing element (e.g., 1004) thereby enabling it to communicate anddynamically change, for example, the output voltage 106 of theintelligent voltage regulator module 904. In one embodiment, a defaultoutput voltage can be set within the intelligent voltage regulatormodule 904 which can be programmed either before assembly or at the teststage of a circuit board assemble. As such, every time the system 900 ispowered up, it could default to the default output voltage. However,whenever it came out of reset, the intelligent voltage regulator module904 can have the option to vary that output voltage dynamically.Furthermore, in an embodiment, the intelligent voltage regulator module904 can continue to learn from its surroundings. For example, over timethe intelligent voltage regulator module 904 might detect that certaintype of faults were prevalent around 3.05 V. As such, the intelligentvoltage regulator module 904 might decide to learn and determine thatfor more robust operation, it is going to change its output voltage from(for example) 3.0 V to 3.1 V in order to reduce the risk of the faultsprevalent around 3.05 V. In one embodiment, the intelligent voltageregulator module 904 can change its low voltage interrupt trip pointfrom (for example) 3.05 V to 3.25 V.

Within FIG. 9, in one embodiment the intelligent voltage regulatormodule 904 can potentially be in constant communication with the CPU110. Specifically, a processing element (e.g., 1004) of the intelligentvoltage regulator module 904 can potentially be in constantcommunication with the CPU 110.

In one embodiment, it is pointed out that system 900 can be implementedsuch that it will go to sleep and wait for a user to press a buttonbefore it wakes up. As such, the system 900 can include a button that isrepresented by a switch 906. It is noted that a first terminal of theswitch 906 can be coupled to the intelligent voltage regulator module904 while a second terminal of the switch 904 can be coupled to voltageground 120. In one embodiment, the intelligent voltage regulator module904 can be implemented with an internal pull-up resistor that is coupledto the first terminal of the switch 906. It is pointed out that the pullup resistor can cause a logic 1 voltage level to be present on the firstterminal of switch 906 when the switch 906 is open. As such, when thebutton is pressed, which can cause the switch 906 to close and thevoltage level on the first terminal of switch 906 to enter a logic 0state, the processing element (e.g., 1004) of the intelligent voltageregulator module 904 can wake up, assert reset signal 924, andcoincident with that the intelligent voltage regulator module 904 canstart supplying the output voltage 106.

It is understood that the system 900 may not include all of the elementsillustrated by FIG. 9. Additionally, the system 900 can be implementedto include one or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 9.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary intelligent voltageregulator circuit 1002 in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. Note that the intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 canbe implemented as part of an integrated circuit 1000. It is pointed outthat the elements of FIG. 10 having the same reference numbers as theelements of any other figure can operate or function in any mannersimilar to that described herein, but are not limited to such. In anembodiment, the intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 can be animplementation of the intelligent voltage regulator module 904 of FIG.9. The intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 of FIG. 10 caninclude, but is not limited to, resistor ladder 204, multiplexer 206,transistor 214, processing element 1004, non-volatile memory 208, andoperational amplifier 210. It is pointed out that in an embodiment, thecombination of the resistor ladder 204, multiplexer 206, operationalamplifier 210, and transistor 214 can be referred to as a variablevoltage generator, but is not limited to such. Therefore, the resistorladder 204, multiplexer 206, operational amplifier 210, and transistor214 are one embodiment of a variable voltage generator. Note that in oneembodiment the programming interface 122 can be coupled to thenon-volatile memory 208 via the programming interface pin 242 of theintegrated circuit 1000. The processing element 1004 can be coupled tothe non-volatile memory 208 to receive any programming instructions,values and/or data stored by the non-volatile memory 208. In anembodiment, the programming interface 122 and programming interface pin242 can be coupled to the processing element 1004 as indicated by dashedline 306. It is noted that if the processing element 1004 is coupled tothe programming interface 122, then the processing element 1004 (in oneembodiment) can receive and manage the storing of any programminginstructions, values and/or data within the non-volatile memory 208. Theprocessing element 1004 can be implemented in a wide variety of ways.For example, the processing element 1004 can include, but is not limitedto, a central processing unit, a microprocessor, any type of processingelement that can execute instructions, and the like.

The processing element 1004 of the intelligent voltage regulator circuit1002 can be coupled to a reset pin 442 of the integrated circuit 1000for outputting a reset signal 924. Also, the processing element 1004 ofthe intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 can be coupled to aninterrupt request (IRQ) pin 1006 of the integrated circuit 1000 foroutputting an interrupt request signal 926. Furthermore, the processingelement 1004 of the intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 can becoupled to a communication bus pin 1008 of the integrated circuit 1000for communicating over the communication bus 920. Note that thecommunication bus 920 can be implemented in a wide variety of ways. Forexample, the communication bus 920 can be implemented in any mannersimilar to the programming interface 122 of FIG. 1A, but is not limitedto such.

Within FIG. 10, in one embodiment, during the operation of theprocessing element 1004 of the intelligent voltage regulator circuit1002, it is pointed out that the processing element 1004 has the abilityto dynamically vary (or change) one or more characteristics (e.g.,output voltage, delay period, glitch rejection interval, watch-dogtimer, and the like) of the intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002.It is pointed out that one of the reasons for changing the glitchrejection interval is that the system (e.g., 900) may have differentoperating modes. For example in one embodiment, the CPU 110 may becontrolling a motor and it might experience significant power supplyglitching while the motor is running. However, it may not be desirableto set a very large glitch rejection window when the system 900 is notactively driving the motor because that could result in the voltagepotentially sinking a long way. So dependent on the activity of the CPU110, it might be causing noise itself. As such, if the processingelement 1004 of the intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 knowsthat it is going to cause noise, the processing element 1004 could makethe system 900 more tolerant. In an embodiment, if the processingelement 1004 knows that there should not be any noise, it can make thesystem 900 reset on smaller glitches.

It is understood that the intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 maynot include all of the elements illustrated by FIG. 10. Additionally,the intelligent voltage regulator circuit 1002 can be implemented toinclude one or more elements not illustrated by FIG. 10.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method 1100 in accordance with variousembodiments of the invention for dynamically regulating an outputvoltage. Method 1100 includes exemplary processes of various embodimentsof the invention which can be carried out by a processor(s) andelectrical components under the control of computing device readable andexecutable instructions (or code), e.g., software. The computing devicereadable and executable instructions (or code) may reside, for example,in data storage features such as volatile memory, non-volatile memoryand/or mass data storage that are usable by a computing device. However,the computing device readable and executable instructions (or code) mayreside in any type of computing device readable medium. Althoughspecific operations are disclosed in method 1100, such operations areexemplary. Method 1100 may not include all of the operations illustratedby FIG. 11. Also, method 1100 may include various other operationsand/or variations of the operations shown by FIG. 11. Likewise, thesequence of the operations of method 1100 can be modified. It is notedthat the operations of method 1100 can be performed by software, byfirmware, by electronic hardware, by electrical hardware, or by anycombination thereof.

Specifically, method 1100 can include receiving an input voltage.Furthermore, a reference voltage can be received. Moreover, programminginstructions, values and/or data can be received. Additionally, aregulated output voltage can be generated whereby its value isdynamically set by a processing element based on one or more factors. Inthis manner, an output voltage can be dynamically regulated.

At operation 1102 of FIG. 11, an input voltage (e.g., Vin 102) can bereceived. Note that operation 1102 can be implemented in a wide varietyof ways. For example in one embodiment, at operation 1102 the inputvoltage can be received via one or more pins (e.g., 240) of anintegrated circuit (e.g., 200) by a programmable or intelligent voltageregulator module (e.g., 302, 402, 502, 702 or 1002). Operation 1102 canbe implemented in any manner similar to that described herein, but isnot limited to such.

At operation 1104, a reference voltage (e.g., Vref 212 or 612) can bereceived. Operation 1104 can be implemented in a wide variety of ways.For example in an embodiment, at operation 1104 the reference voltagecan be received by the programmable or intelligent voltage regulatormodule. Operation 1104 can be implemented in any manner similar to thatdescribed herein, but is not limited to such.

At operation 1106 of FIG. 11, programming instructions, values and/ordata can be received. It is pointed out that operation 806 can beimplemented in a wide variety of ways. For example in one embodiment, atoperation 806 programming instructions, values and/or data can bereceived and stored by non-volatile memory via a programming interface(e.g., 122) or a communication bus (e.g., 920), wherein the non-volatilememory can be a component of the programmable or intelligent voltageregulator module. In an embodiment, at operation 806 programminginstructions, values and/or data can be received by a processing element(e.g., 304 or 1004) via a programming interface (e.g., 122) or acommunication bus (e.g., 920), wherein the processing element can be acomponent of the programmable or intelligent voltage regulator module.Operation 1106 can be implemented in any manner similar to thatdescribed herein, but is not limited to such.

At operation 1108, a regulated output voltage (e.g., 106) can begenerated whereby its value is dynamically set by a processing element(e.g., 304 or 1004) based on one or more factors. It is noted thatoperation 1108 can be implemented in a wide variety of ways. For examplein an embodiment, at operation 1108, the one or more factors caninclude, but are not limited to, programming instructions, values and/ordata stored by non-volatile memory, programming instructions, valuesand/or data received over a communication bus or programming interface,and/or the state of a switch (e.g., 906). Operation 1108 can beimplemented in any manner similar to that described herein, but is notlimited to such. At the completion of operation 1108, process 1100 canbe exited.

The foregoing descriptions of various specific embodiments in accordancewith the invention have been presented for purposes of illustration anddescription. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously manymodifications and variations are possible in light of the aboveteaching. The invention can be construed according to the Claims andtheir equivalents.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A voltage regulator comprising: a variablevoltage generator configured to receive an input voltage and to generatea selected output voltage from a plurality of output voltages based, atleast in part, on a selection signal corresponding to at least first andsecond power operational states of circuitry outside the voltageregulator; and a processing element that can execute instructions,wherein the processing element is configured to obtain programminginstructions generated outside the voltage regulator and to provide theselection signal to the variable voltage generator according to theprogramming instructions to cause the variable voltage generator togenerate the selected output voltage in accordance with a selected oneof the first and second power operational states.
 2. The voltageregulator of claim 1, wherein one of the first and second poweroperational states corresponds to a low-power sleep state.
 3. Thevoltage regulator of claim 2, wherein the processing element is furtherconfigured to provide the selection signal to the variable voltagegenerator according to the programming instructions to cause thevariable voltage generator to generate a lower selected output voltagefor the low-power sleep state.
 4. The voltage regulator of claim 2,further comprising programming instructions configured to provide aprogrammable wake up signal to wake from the low-power sleep state. 5.The voltage regulator of claim 4, wherein the programmable wake upsignal is configured to be generated in response to user-activation of asystem event.
 6. The voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein one of thefirst and second power operational states corresponds to a normal-powerstate.
 7. The voltage regulator of claim 1, further comprising acommunication bus input configured to receive an indication of theselected one of the first and second power operational states to therebygenerate the selected output voltage.
 8. The voltage regulator of claim1, further comprising: a non-volatile memory coupled to the processingelement, wherein the non-volatile memory is configured to receive theprogramming instructions from an external bus, to store the programminginstructions, and to provide the programming instructions to theprocessing element.
 9. A method of operating a programmable voltageregulator that includes a central processor unit, the method comprising:receiving an input voltage and generating a selected output voltage froma plurality of output voltages based, at least in part, on a selectionsignal corresponding to at least first and second power operationalstates of circuitry outside the voltage regulator; executing, using thecentral processing unit, programming instructions generated outside thevoltage regulator to provide the selection signal; and controlling avariable voltage generator of the programmable voltage regulator basedon the selection signal to cause generation of the selected outputvoltage in accordance with a selected one of the first and second poweroperational states.
 10. The method claim 9, wherein one of the first andsecond power operational states corresponds to a low-power sleep state.11. The method of claim 10, wherein, in response to providing aselection signal corresponding to the low-power sleep state, saidgenerating a selected output voltage comprises generating a lowerselected output voltage for the low-power sleep state.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, further comprising waking from the low-power sleep state inresponse to a programmable wake up signal.
 13. The method of claim 12,wherein said waking from the low-power sleep state comprises receiving auser-activation of a system event.
 14. The method of claim 9, whereinone of the first and second power operational states corresponds to anormal-power state.
 15. The method of claim 9, further comprisingreceiving at a communication input an indication of the selected one ofthe first and second power operational states to thereby generate theselected output voltage.
 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising:storing the programming instructions in a non-volatile memory of theprogrammable voltage regulator; and following said storing, providingthe programming instructions to the central processing unit.
 17. Avoltage regulator to attach to a bus, the voltage regulator comprising:a variable voltage generator configured to receive an input voltage andto generate a selected output voltage from a plurality of outputvoltages; and a processing element that can execute instructions,wherein the processing element is configured to obtain programminginstructions received over the bus and to control the variable voltagegenerator according to the programming instructions to cause thevariable voltage generator to generate the selected output voltage. 18.The voltage regulator of claim 17, wherein the processing element isfurther configured to: identify a current power operational state ofcircuitry outside the voltage regulator; and control the variablevoltage generator in accordance with the current power operationalstate.
 19. The voltage regulator of claim 17, further comprising: anon-volatile memory coupled to the processing element, wherein thenon-volatile memory is configured to receive the programminginstructions from the bus, to store the programming instructions, and toprovide the programming instructions to the processing element.
 20. Thevoltage regulator of claim 17, wherein the processing element comprisesa microprocessor.
 21. A system, comprising: a bus; a central processingunit attached to the bus; and a voltage regulator attached to the bus,wherein the voltage regulator is configured to generate a selectedoutput voltage to power the central processing unit, and wherein thevoltage regulator includes: a variable voltage generator configured toreceive an input voltage and to generate the selected output voltagefrom a plurality of output voltages; and a processing element configuredto: communicate directly with the central processing unit using one ormore digital signals transmitted over the bus; and execute instructions,wherein the processing element is configured to obtain programminginstructions and control the variable voltage generator according to theprogramming instructions and at least one of the digital signals tocause the variable voltage generator to generate the selected outputvoltage.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the central processing unitcomprises a first central processing unit, and wherein the processingelement comprises a second central processing unit that is differentthan the first central processing unit.
 23. The system of claim 21,wherein the processing element comprises a microprocessor.
 24. Thesystem of claim 21, wherein the at least one of the digital signalsidentifies a current power operational state of the central processingunit, and wherein the processing element is configured to control thevariable voltage generator in accordance with the current poweroperational state.